Introduction Impedance is a combination of resistance and reactance. We all know that resistance is formed because of resistor and the reactance formed due to the reactive elements inductor and…

Introduction In modern days the PCBs are getting smaller and the stack up take an important part in it. Before get into designing, the designers and respective manufacturers must consider…

Introduction In previous article we have studied about the return path in PCB, but in many conditions we can't avoid some return path discontinuities coming from different factors but we…